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Gary Klein (born February 5, 1944 in New York City, New York, U.S.) is a research psychologist famous for pioneering in the field of naturalistic decision making.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://askmagazine.nasa.gov/issues/20/interview/ )〕 By studying experts such as firefighters in their natural environment, he discovered that laboratory models of decision making could not describe it under uncertainty. His recognition primed decision (RPD) model has influenced changes in the ways the Marines and Army train their officers to make decisions. Klein received his B.A. in Psychology from City College of New York (1964) and his Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of Pittsburgh (1969). He listed his main influences as Hubert Dreyfus, Adriaan de Groot, and Karl Duncker in an October 2013 interview with Bob Morris. 〔 〕 Since 2009, Klein has been a Senior Scientist at MacroCognition LLC.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.macrocognition.com/au_gary.html )〕 He spent the first phase of his career in academia as an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Oakland University (1970-1974). He also spent a few years as Associate Professor of Psychology at Wilberforce University in Ohio. The second phase was spent working for the government as a research psychologist for the U.S. Air Force (1974-1978). The Arab oil embargo of 1973 meant that pilots needed to do more of their training in simulators, and Klein began his investigations into the way people develop expertise. The third phase began in 1978 when he founded his own R&D company, Klein Associates, to study a range of topics that are now described as the Naturalistic Decision Making framework.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ise.ncsu.edu/nsf_itr/794B/papers/Klein_2008_HF_NDM.pdf )〕 Klein Associates grew to 37 people by the time he sold it to Applied Research Associates (ARA) in 2005. During this third phase, Dr. Klein developed a Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) model in 1985 to describe how people actually make decisions in natural settings. This research was subsequently incorporated in Army doctrine for command and control.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/army/bushey_rpdm.pdf )〕 He presented a PreMortem method of risk assessment in 1998. In 2007 he developed a naturalistic model of sensemaking, the Data/Frame model. In 2009 he presented a Management by Discovery account of how people plan when faced with ill-defined goals. He described a multi-path model of insight in 2011. He has led teams that developed several methods of cognitive task analysis for uncovering the tacit knowledge that goes into decision making and for studying cognition in complex settings, including the Critical Decision Method and the Knowledge Audit. He was one of the leaders of a team that redesigned the White House Situation Room.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.noblis.org/NewsPublications/Pages/GaryKlein.aspx )〕 He is a Fellow of both the American Psychological Association and the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. In 2008 he received the Jack A. Kraft Innovator Award from the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.hfes.org/web/awards&fellows/fellowprofiles/profile_klein.pdf )〕 ==Publications== * Books * * ''Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999 ISBN 0-262-61146-5 * * ''The Power of Intuition: How to Use Your Gut Feelings to Make Better Decisions at Work'' Currency, 2004 ISBN 0-385-50289-3 * * ''Streetlights and Shadows: Searching for the Keys to Adaptive Decision Making'', Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2009 ISBN 0-262-01339-8 * * "Working Minds: A Practitioner's Guide to Cognitive Task Analysis" Cambridge, MA: A Bradford Book 2006 ISBN 978-0262532815 * * "Seeing What Others Don't: The Remarkable Ways We Gain Insights" New York, NY: Public Affairs 2013 ISBN 978-1610392518 * * Ed. (with Judith Orasanu, and Roberta Calderwood) ''Decision Making in Action: Models and Methods'' Ablex, 1993 ISBN 0-89391-943-8 * * Ed. (with Eduardo Salas) ''Linking Expertise and Naturalistic Decision Making'' Erlbaum, 2001 ISBN 0-8058-3538-5 * * Ed. (with Caroline Zsambok) ''Naturalistic Decision Making'' Erlbaum, 1996 ISBN 0-8058-1874-X *Selected articles in refereed journals * *with Roberta Calderwood and Beth W. Crandall Time Pressure, Skill, and Move Quality in Chess ''The American Journal of Psychology'', Vol. 101, No. 4 (Winter, 1988), 481-493 * *with Calderwood, R. and MacGregor, D. Critical decision method for eliciting knowledge ''Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on'' May/Jun 1989 Vol. 19, 3, 462-472 * *with Karen J. Peio Use of a Prediction Paradigm to Evaluate Proficient Decision Making ''The American Journal of Psychology'', Vol. 102, No. 3 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 321–331 * *Klein, G., & Jarosz, A. (2011). A naturalistic study of insight. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 5, 335-351. * *Klein, G. (2011). Critical thoughts about critical thinking. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 12:3, 210-224. * *Klein, G., Calderwood, R., & Clinton-Cirocco, A. (2010). Rapid decision making on the fire ground: The original study plus a postscript. Journal of * *Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 4, 186-209. * *Kahneman, D., & Klein, G. (2009). Conditions for intuitive expertise: A failure to disagree. American Psychologist, 64, 515-526. * *Klein, G. (2008). Naturalistic decision making. Human Factors, 50 (3), 456-460. * *Klein, G. (2007). Performing a project PreMortem. Harvard Business Review, September, 18-19. * *Klein, G., Phillips, J. K., Rall, E., & Peluso, D. A. (2007). A data/frame theory of sensemaking, In R. R. Hoffman (Ed.) Expertise out of Context. Erlbaum: * *Mahweh, NJ * *Klein, G., Pliske, R. M., Crandall, B., & Woods, D. (2005). Problem detection. Cognition, Technology, and Work, 7, 14-28. * *Klein, G., Ross, K. G., Moon, B. M., Klein, D. E., Hoffman, R. R., & Hollnagel, E. (2003). Macrocognition. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 18(3), 81-85. * *Lipshitz, R., Klein, G., Orasanu, J., & Salas, E. (2001). Focus article: Taking stock of naturalistic decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 14, 331-352. * *Klein, G., & Weick, K. (2000, June). Making better decisions. Across the Board, 37(6), 16-22. * *Klinger, D. W., & Klein, G. (1999). Emergency response organizations: An accident waiting to happen. Ergonomics in Design, 7(3), 20-25. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gary A. Klein」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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